“No Sugar” by Jack Davis Essay

The stage drama No Sugar, by Jack Davis explores the bad treatment of minority groups and their responses to this treatment. The performance set in the 1930’s presents the Milimurra family who are the minority group fighting against the injustices inflicted on them by white authorities. No Sugar provides a voice for the aboriginal people, confronts European Australians with the past, restores Aboriginal culture and pride and explored the value of equality. All these ideas are used as a way to convey its message to the audience. It appears that the stage performance of No Sugar provides the Aboriginal people with the voice they have lived without for decades. The Milimurra family are used in the play to represent the voice of the Aboriginal people who stand up against white authority. Milly and Gran who refuse to give in without a fight, go to the Sergeant and confront him about the reasons why their rations have been cut, and push for him to provide them with blankets. Characters such as Topsy and Billy are representations of those Aborigines who did not fight for their rights. These characters bowed down to white authority, Billy who does not speak his own language, but broken English is happy to work for the white authorities tracking down members of his own race who escape their clutches. Milly’s response to the Sergeant when he tells her that her problem is she has three grown men budging off her, who are too lazy to work, is by asking him â€Å"Where they gonna get work?† she asks the Sergeant â€Å"Do you want em to work for nothing?† and Gran backs her up by saying â€Å"Their not slaves you know Chargent!† The staging is also used as an added technique to provide the aboriginal people with a voice, the white colonies are positioned on the outskirts of the stage and the Aborigines are given center stage, as a means to respond to their mistreatment in Australian society so many years ago. No Sugar also confronts the European Australians with the past, the truth about the treatment of Aborigines and the injustices committed against them. Mary Dargaru exposes the treatment of Aboriginal women to the audience, through her conversations with Joe and her fears of working for Mr. Neal at the hospital. She tells Joe that when Mr. Neal asks a girl to work at the hospital it means he wants that girl for himself. The audience also learns  through Mary that this is a common tragedy faced by Aboriginal girls at the time. After the birth of her child Mary is fearful that Matron will take her child away and provide it with the same fate as her friend Lillian’s baby, who was buried in the pine plantation. In order to escape these injustices Joe and Mary run away to Northam, when caught and returned to the Moore River Settlement, Mary responds by refusing to work at the hospital. Mary’s response gives her the desired outcome she wanted, but at a cost, Mr. Neal beats h er, but not before Mary tells him â€Å"Go to hell.† The stage performance restores the Aboriginal people with their pride and culture which were stolen from them so many years ago. Jimmy in Act one reveals the resentment the aboriginal people feel towards the whites. When Joe reads the newspaper article about the Australia Day celebration, Jimmy responds by saying â€Å"them bastards took our country and them blackfellas dancing for em bastards.† Later in the play the males of the Milimurra family engage in a Carobaree, this shows that they are not prepared to give in to the white authorities and allow them to take their culture and identity without a fight. The aboriginal people also use their own language throughout the play, indication to the audience their perseverance and determination not to give in. The stage performance of No Sugar greatly explores the value of equality, presenting a contrast to the ideal equal world, and conveying the injustices and inequalities faced by the aboriginal people. It shows how the unemployment allowance for aboriginals was 2 shillings, whilst everyone else received 6 shillings. Use of props is also an affective medium in portraying certain inequalities, for example the sign for the Aboriginal department reads â€Å"The department of fisheries, wildlife and Aborigines†, this department also has two separate entrances, one for Aboriginals and one for Europeans. The Aboriginal people are not even allowed to consume alcohol. Jimmy responds to these inequalities, by ignoring the signs and goes to talk to Neville when told to wait around the back he refuses to budge and waits until they give the train ticket he wants. Jimmy also chooses to ignore the alcohol restrictions. In doing so he is put on trial which arouses another injustice. His trial is not a fair one and the Justice of the Peace conveys  the attitude that he would rather be somewhere else. Jimmy does not stop, he responds to further injustices in the courtroom by talking out of turn and attempting to defend himself, he also turns up late to the trial showing that he is not intimidated by white authority. The stage performance of No Sugar presents the Aboriginal people as they were treated in the 1930’s they are presented as being an inferior race and this is an accurate representation of their treatment during this time period. The performance conveys the groups responses to their poor treatment and is used as a means to finally give these people their much deserved voice, confronting Australian with the horrible truth of the past, restoring culture and pride to the Aboriginal people and exploring the value of equality.

Odysseus- Everett Comparison

The poem â€Å"The Odyssey† details the story of a man named Odysseus who went through many trials and tribulations while trying to get home to his family. In the past, many stories, movies, and other works of literature have based its plot around the story: â€Å"The Odyssey†. However, there is one movie that stands out as unique and its title is â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou†. The producers, Joel and Ethan Coen, did a wonderful job in making actor Ulysses Everett McGill represent Odysseus.Everett from â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou† and Odysseus from Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† are very similar in many ways, but contrast in multiple qualities and characteristics as well. In â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou†, the main character, Everett is on a voyage trying to return home to his family. Everett tries to escape Parchman Farm after he hears that his wife was about to remarry a suitor named Vernon T. Waldrip in two days. He tricks his â⠂¬Å"Chain Gang† into believing that they were going after treasure; clearly demonstrating the love, loyalty, and courage that he has for his wife.As a result of this event, he caused the authorities to go on a Louisiana wide man hunt for Everett while creating a new relationship between himself and two other members of the â€Å"Chain Gang†. Like Everett, Odysseus â€Å"has been wandering for ten years on the sea, to find his family;† however, little did he know his absence allowed suitors to besiege his wife with proposals. For this reason, Odysseus laid siege on the suitors on his island. In this example, the situation that Everett and Odysseus were in is very similar.They both have to make a long journey to get back to their families and return to their original life style. Through the actions that Everett performs, one can see the similarities between himself and Odysseus. In â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou? †, Everett bombards a Ku Klux Klan meeting to save his friend Tommy from being lynched due to his skin color showing Everett’s willingness to sacrifice his own life, as well as Pete’s and Delmar’s, to save Tommy’s. In addition, they end up incinerating some of the Klansmen (including Bid Dan) with a large burning cross by snipping the wires that supported it.In â€Å"The Odyssey† Odysseus is in a similar situation like Everett but the person he is trying to save is his wife, Penelope by â€Å"[drawing] his fist [in the shape of] the cruel head of an arrow†¦ Odysseus hit him under the chin†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which shows the courage that Odysseus had to shoot the arrow that saved his wife (xxii 7-14). Analyzing the two examples, one can see that Odysseus and Everett were willing to perform courageous acts to protect the people whom they love.Even though there are many similarities between Everett and Odysseus, there is a major difference between the two; their view on faith. In â€Å"O Brothe r Where Art Thou† Tommy informs the â€Å"Chain Gang† that he sold his soul to the devil to learn how to play guitar better. Further, Everett tells Tommy that Pete and Delmar had just been baptized and he’s the only one who is unaffiliated with any type of religious figure. This shows that Everett believes in no religion, no God, and no miracles.In contrast to Everett, Odysseus believes in the Gods by saying â€Å"Now watch me hit a target that no man has hit before, if I can make this shot. Help me Apollo† showing his strong belief that he had, had in the God Apollo (xxii 4-6). For this reason Apollo granted him a straight shot on the suitor. In any case, their faith sets the two men apart from one another. In many ways the two men’s bravery brought them to victory and also proves the similarities between the two; however, certain beliefs such as religion causes the men to differ.Everett is a good representation of Odysseus, but there are fatal fla ws between the two which cause them to be starkly different. Whether or not, one analyzes the similarities which show common strengths, or the conflict of differing religions, which make each man respectively stronger, one can analyze that all men are created different. No one man is the same as his neighbor and that makes the world to accept all races, genders, and ideology.

Puritans Influence on New England colonies between 1630`s to the 1660`s

During the 1630`s to the 1660`s the Puritans had a frat influence on the New England colonies. Puritans were protestants that arose within the Church of England. They demanded to have a greater and more rigorous discipline and were not satisfied with what the Church of England offered.They separated themselves from the Church of England but still considered themselves from the Church of England. when their desires were not fulfilled they left to settle in the Americas.Many spread throughout the colonies and settled in places like New Hampshire and Rhode Island. The Puritans made an impact on the political, economical, and the social development of New England colonies through the 1630`s and the 1660`s.In 1630, the Puritans settled and founded Massachusetts Bay Colony. The leader was John Winthrop, he created the idea of â€Å"city on a hill† and also â€Å" a model of christian charity†.This idea was that the city that was on the hill was to be an example to the other c ities, and they hope the others would follow (Doc A). New England enforced many laws that the Puritans believed in. Whoever did not obey â€Å"God's law†, was breaking a law. When Roger Williams contradicted the Puritans in 1644, he was later on banished. He stated that God didn't have a uniform religion and also this will cause a destruction of of millions of souls (Doc F). With the law on their side, The Puritans influenced the political aspect of New England.Many families owned their owned their own farms that produce a decent amount of products that were sold for a fair price.The community had a substantial amount of wealth. The Puritans always worked together to increase the wealth. They believed that God was always favoring in their success in whatever they did. There was a huge supply of timber and fishing, these aspects were quite helpful when it came to increasing the economy. Eventhough  the economy was abundant,religion was still the main focus. Their values and morals were not changed for the sake of money. John Higginson reassured the world that New England was designed for religion and not worldly gain (Doc J).The Puritans believed that having an education was crucial. The idea of having communities with families was just perfect. Because of this New England had more families settling than having individuals. The Puritans believed small towns or villages that had even amounts of land for all of the community. Family was an unquestionable value. The small towns were well organized and provided a school in which all the children attended (Doc B). The reason why education was very essential in the lives of these people, was because if no one knows how to read then whos gonna read the bible.This was an advantage to the Puritans, because the other colonies were illiterate and had no education. In conclusion, the Puritans had an extreme influence on the political, economical, and social development of the New England colonies, With new laws, e ducation,and having wealthy communities. The Puritans definitely made an impact on how the New England colonies made decisions and how it shaped New England to what it was at the time.

Observations and child interactions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Observations and child interactions - Assignment Example He would pull himself up on couches, chairs and tables and very quickly do a scramble from one edge to another, but when he was about to stand without support, he would totter and fall quickly to his bottom. Sometimes this upset him and at other times he would just try again. The observations took place on two different days. Interpretations The first observation was made over the course of about five minutes. When the mother sat on the floor with her child, their bond was clear by the way he would respond to her movements. He understood her cues just like she could anticipate his movements. They had played this game on many occasions. She would hold out her hands with the palms up which would get him excited. He would slap at them until he placed his hands in hers, sometimes scooting a bit towards her on the floor. Pulling himself up by holding onto her hands, he would stand while making eye contact with his mother. She sucked in her breath and make a unique repeating blowing sound between her lips as she stood up on her knees, and then rose to her feet. Bending over with his hands in hers, she would then kiss his forehead and then say â€Å"so little man, where do you want to go?† The child responded by taking steps towards her, moving more quickly until he started to fall forward at which point she scooped him and swung him around as he laughed. The practice of walking was a game with a chronology that they both seemed to expect. This same ritual happened on both occasions when they were observed. This interaction was highly interactive with the child and the mother watching each other intently. She spoke in warm, happy tones as they both prepared for the end of the ritual. The relationship with the grandmother was a little different. The interactions between the grandmother and Kyle were done also on two occasions for about five minutes. The grandmother took Kyle’s hands rather than waiting for him to give them to her. She pulled him to his fe et, and then led him walking from one place to the other. Although Kyle was energetic and was enjoying moving from place to place, his focus was on his feet and where he could run, but he was not focused on his grandmother’s face. She eventually picked him up and kissed his neck, making him laugh and then clap. The second time I observed them she pulled him to his feet and let him around the room, but he tripped and fell, falling to the ground. She tried to sooth him but his mother came to intervene. The second interaction happened three days later in about 5 minutes each. The grandmother, the mother, and the child were all in the room. This time the grandmother went first. She lifted Kyle to his feet and began to walk him around the room, his feet stepping over one another as he pulled and she pulled in different directions. Kyle became frustrated and it ended with him in tears. His mother picked him up and soothed him. Eventually, she sat on the floor with him, kissing him and laughing with him, keeping her eye contact with him during the prelude. Eventually she put her hands out, but he did not immediately put them into hers. He did within a minute, however, and then they stood together. He took more tentative steps at first, but when he realized that he was in control of where they would go he began to step in different directions. He tired more quickly than he did than during the first observation,

Case Studies in Ethnic Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case Studies in Ethnic Conflict - Essay Example Despite the Tamils being previously viewed as a passive and non-violent community, their terrorist organisation the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE was â€Å"arguably the most disciplined, dedicated, and ruthless guerrilla organization in the world†Ã‚  (DeVotta, 2004: 170). The secessionist movement of the LTTE also referred to as the Tamil Tigers, soon turned into a vicious struggle between them and the Sri Lankan government for territorial control over the eastern and northern regions. From a survey of the literature available on the LTTE, it is found that there are various factors that led to their emergence, ranging from ethnicity and language issues, to political, ideological, military and economic factors. This essay will study the various causal factors (national and international) that led to the rise of the LTTE and their subsequent importance in the Sri Lankan politics since 1983 until their demise in 2009. Discussion LTTE, which was founded in 1976, aimed a t creating an independent ethnic state for the Tamils in the north and north-eastern parts of Sri Lanka, often referred to as the Tamil Eelam. ... This view of a struggle for independence had a widespread acceptance among the Tamils, even among the non-combatant ones. To justify the Tamil claim for independence and separate identity from the Sri Lankan political system, it was claimed that the Singhalese and Tamils, prior to the British intervention, existed as two distinct communities occupying separate areas, and the Tamils were looking to re-assert their political sovereignty (Kulandaswamy, 2000). There were claims that the Singhalese and Tamils existed as two territorially distinct States with political sovereignty until 1833, when the British brought them together for administrative convenience, under the Colebrook Commission, and there were further claims that the Tamils did not give up their legal sovereignty and remained independent even under the British rule (Vaddukkodai Resolution, 1976). However, de Silva (1981) in his researches suggested that the LTTE brought in the ‘two-nation theory’ (prior to the B ritish rule), merely to justify their violent struggle for liberation and use of arms, which had a greater support and attraction at an international level. The characteristics used for establishing the ‘two nation’ theory were separate territories, language differences between the two communities, and distinct political entities. However, a closer analysis revealed that under the British rule, despite creating distinct divisions using their classical divide-and-rule policy, they managed to maintain a strict territorial integrity (de Silva, 1981). In another analysis, the conflict is termed a terrorist movement, which was a political difference between the Sri Lankan government and a secessionist group (Bandarage, 2009). Bandarage claimed that according to Uphoff (2000), the

Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security - Assignment Example The solution should prevent IRS from spending a fortune on network infrastructure upgrades. Modernization of the E-File is an important step of IRS re-engineering its efforts to enhance enforcement, improve its services, and modernize work processes and technology (Chamberlain 15). This is achievable through the introduction of the modernized E-file. The modernized E-file should be an internet-based system that should use the standardized Extensible Mark-Up Language (XML) constructs. The main component of the modernized E-file is introduction of transmitters. The transmitters present in the modernized E-file will provide postmarks to all taxpayers for individual returns. The receipt present in the electronic postmark will provide the taxpayers with confidence that they have filed their returns on time. However, the date of the electronic postmark will be considered as the date of filling. This happens when the date of electronic postmark is prior to the endorsed due date and the return is gotten by the IRS after the recommended due date for filling. All the requirements for signing the tax return and completion of a paper of declaration and timely submission of the rejected timely filed tax return has to be followed to for the electronic postmark to be reflected the date of filling (Grayson and Warren 22). The electronic postmarks will be available to the taxpayers through the online filing. Markedly, when the transmitter creates the electronic postmark with the time and date, the information is recorded by the transmitter host computer. With the introduction of the electronic postmark, IRS can ensure that people do fill in their tax returns on time but they can submit them later. If the electronic postmark is before or on the recommended deadline of filing a tax return, but the IRS obtains the tax return after the deadline of submission, the IRs will treat the submission as timely

Dressy Clothes Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dressy Clothes - Personal Statement Example You too, also feel pleased with yourself because of all the positive reinforcement gained by the approval of others. Often, what we wear is a reflection of what we feel. At the very least, people think that our clothes reflect what we feel. For example, many folks who are mourning a death wear black for a period of time. When we see a person in mourning wear we are automatically sympathetic and treat them with more sensitivity. When we see someone who is nattily dressed in public, we tend to avoid any acquaintance. Sometimes our reactions are subconscious but nevertheless, the reactions do happen. For this assignment, I went out shopping and treated myself to some new items. I confidently wore my new outfits for four days in a row and must admit that I frankly, was rather pleased with myself. I found that people were more outgoing towards me and I found myself with more confidence. I found that I was more apt to initiate conversations rather than respond to them. I had a desire to expose myself more and be more social then before. I found that I smiled readily and there was a certain new confidence in my walk. It was almost a stride. Most notably, my friends and family were highly appreciative my new fashions and encouraged me to keep exploring my new look. All of this really made me good about myself. In some places I went, people commented on my outfit in a positive way and that made me feel even better and my ego increased. It made a difference not with me, but my husband joined me in this assignment. He too went out and bought a few new items for himself and wore them the same time that I was wearing mine. He too was also complimented by friends and family. Perhaps the most rewarding part was that my husband and myself also found ourselves looking at each other differently. We have always respected one another and admired each other but I found myself looking at him the way I did when we first met. I also found that I was so proud to be standing next to this impeccably dressed may and he felt the same way. Needless to say we have resolved to maintain our new looks! Since then I perceive him differently and I feel the same from him. I feel closer to him and my friends are complimenting me often. From now on I intend to be more

Coursework Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Coursework - Thesis Proposal Example This paper demonstrates the process of entry into foreign markets, the considerations to be made in decision making, the challenges involved, and the applicable organizational models that can be employed. For a better description, the paper analyses a case of a consumer product firm Coca Cola. It addresses the problems she faces on her efforts to venture into a foreign direct investment, the managerial decisions to be made, the organizational models to be used, as well as the decision making models most appropriate for the firm. Coca Cola targets its foreign direct investment in a country in Asia, the People’s Republic of China. Coca-Cola in China was selected as a case study for a number of reasons. First, Coca-Cola is the largest cocoa producer in the world and one of the largest multinational companies. Coca Cola  gets competition from its closest competitor, Pepsi-Cola, and unknown environment and versatile local market, the ability of Coca-Cola, experience and success in capturing a large market share in China seem to be an interesting Cases in which consequences can be drawn for the understanding of the market multinationals Entry in the developing countries by creating an equity joint venture (EJV).  Based on a case study of the bottling plant of Coca-Cola Tianjin, Nolan (1995) conducted the first comprehensive analysis of the macroeconomic effects work by Coca-Cola in China. He found out that the company Coca-Cola System General has positive effects on the development of labor markets, capital and products in China.   They believe that the economic multiplier effects of the investments of Coca-Cola and Power operation. China produced a total of approximately 414 000 jobs, 21.7 billion Yuan in output and 1.2 billion Yuan tax payment in 1998. Coca Cola operates in more than 100 countries through various contractual agreements. Coca Cola operates using an organizational and product line

Vocabulary game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vocabulary game - Essay Example The document is arranged in order of the different exercises that should be followed in sequence to prepare the students for the lesson and then to take them through the lesson and finally revise the lesson. It should be kept in mind that this vocabulary game has been designed assuming that the level of English knowledge acquired by the students in question is minimal and have never heard a single term that is used in the lesson. Therefore the teacher will have to use his or her discretion when deciding which exercises are not required as the students above the assumed level. Before beginning the lesson and introducing the terms that will be learnt in unicellular and multicellular it is best to introduce the concept of what is going to be learnt using life experience and day to day concepts. This can be done by talking to students about the single purpose and multipurpose objects such as a water kettle vs. microwave oven and a television or DVD player vs. a home entertainment system. This will enable the students to get an idea of what they are going to learn in the next chapter in science. Once the students have understood the concept that they are going to learn - use the human body to introduce the concept further. This will have more scientific basis and at the same time be something that all students understand irrespective of culture and background (Settlage, J. & Southerland, S. A., 2007). Now that the students understand the concept that they will be learning in the next chapter in their science lesson it is time to introduce some of the basic and common terms that they will be learning. These terms should be introduced with pictures or diagrams. While students may never have heard the terms before it is quite possible that they have seen the different organisms that are being introduced and this will help them to make a connection between the terms and what they already know - this will help retention and better understanding. Now that the students have made a basic connection between the common terms and diagrams it is time to let them work on their own to build and increase their understanding. Now they should be encouraged to use different resources that are available to them to learn the definitions of each of the terms that have been introduced to them. This will help give them a deeper understanding of the terms and will help them make a deeper connection with what they already know and what they are about to learn in the future. Next once the students have adequate knowledge of the terms and definitions some games can be brought in to enhance the knowledge, stimulate more interest and also to make the lesson interesting. Students can be given opportunities to become competitive by dividing them into groups and asking them to match terms with diagrams, match terms with definitions and fill in the blanks in closed sentences that would enable further understanding o

MBA in Marketing Admission Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MBA in Marketing Admission - Essay Example Advertising refers to the various media used to convey your message. Printed advertisement, radio air time, television commercials and the Internet are all part of advertising that conveys your business message to the public." Another definition, which lists more steps of marketing, is listed by bookzonepro.com (n.d.), "this is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to satisfy customers." Since marketing can give a company a competitive advantage, I feel that understanding and knowing the business angles as well as the production techniques for advertising will certainly help my career as a professional. Advertisers appeal to the lusts, desires, and wants of the target market or potential customer. "Target market is the market segment to which a particular product is marketed. It is often defined by age, gender and/or socio-economic grouping," states Wikipedia encyclopedia (2006).

Jounal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jounal - Essay Example In a personal reflection of the chapter, it can be said that it was out of the self believe that the English had in their prowess that they succeeded in their quest to take land. Self-trust is therefore an important tool for possessing one’s dreams. Chapter 4 In this chapter, the writer gives a chronology of events that took place specifically from 1802 to 1832. Most of these events were on the relationship that the English had with the Indians. As at this time however, the English gave some level of respect to the Indians, allowing for the use of treaty in some of the cases of discourse over who should owe which piece of land. This was generally because federal laws, rather than state laws were operational in Indian territories (Wagner, 2006). From a person reflection, it is clear that the more organized a group of people are, the better it is that they will be approached with respect and dignity. This is because unlike in the second chapter when the English acted by force be cause of the absence of any laws among the Indians, the use of territorial laws helped in gaining respect from the English. Chapter 9 A lot had turned for the Indians in terms of their relationship with the English in the ninth chapter. This is because writing under the chapter heading of â€Å"The "Indian Question": From Reservation to Reorganization†, the writer gives a historical analysis of how the Indians had started gaining much self power to restructure their lands. Indeed, the implication of this change in trends was because the Indians had had a better identity of their personality. Clearly, the English had initially overpowered the Indians because they came as a united force. This time round, the Indians had learnt from the power of organization and unity and used it to their own defense (Wagner, 2006). Pages 361 – 371 Before the World War II, the Native American had had a perception that his core rights and freedoms were not being protected by the White Amer ican. This is because acts of human rights abuse and suppression of basic freedoms had gone on (Engelstad, 2005). Takaki (2008) therefore writes on the topic â€Å"Native Americans: "Why Fight the White Man's War?"† to depict the kind of dilemma that was going on within the Native Americans as to the sense in joining force for the American army. Clearly these pages of the book explain the need for equal rights and justice to prevail because no one knows the time that the services and inputs of people we disregard will become useful for our wellbeing. Kaleidoscope: Stories of the American Experience 21-31 From the 21st to the 31st pages, the writers present the story of the voyage that Giovanni da Verrazzano took in 1524. As a European, we read of Giovanni da Verrazzano taking an expedition to North America with a mission of exploring greater parts of the Atlantic coast and what is today known as Carolinas and Newfoundland (Engelstad, 2005). As the American history is being to ld therefore, homage will be paid to Giovanni da Verrazzano for being a torch that directed other people unto a land that has today come to be known as the America everyone is proud of. 75-90 From pages 75 to 90, the reader is told of â€Å"A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson† where there is a visitation of Mary Rowlandson’s work. The author selects this story by Mary Rowlandson

History of Typography Essay Example for Free

History of Typography Essay First of all, what is typography? Typography is the art of letter forms being organized into certain words or sentences. Typography came from the Greek word typos which means form and graphe which means writing. Most people would agree that a German man named Johannes Guttenberg was the one who invented typography. Before Guttenberg, everything had to be scribed by hand which was very time consuming. Guttenberg also created blackletter, the first ever typeface. Since blackletter looked very compact, a man named Nicolas Jensen invented the first ever Roman typeface during the 15th century. Since Jensen’s typeface was made of straight lines and regular curves, it was easier to be read compared to the blackletter typeface. After Roman letters, the italics typeface was created during the late 15th century by Aldus Manutius. During the 18th century, a man named William Caslon created a typeface called Old Style. A few decades later, John Baskerville created a variety of typeface which is now called Transitional. A few years later, a French man named Didot and an Italian man named Bodoni created typefaces that are classified as Modern. During the second industrial revolution, advertising needed new typefaces. Letters got taller, wider, and even weirder. Since the typefaces during the 19th century were so complex, the early 20th century brought something simple. A man named Paul Renner from Germany created a typeface called Futura which was based on simple geometric shapes. In 1957, Helvetica was introduced. Some would call this the world’s most favorite typeface. The world of typography changed with the introduction of the computer – and it will continue improving since technology is constantly improving too.

Identification of Plant Material: Corallocarpus Epigaeus L

Identification of Plant Material: Corallocarpus Epigaeus L 6. MATERIALS AND METHODS 6.1 Collection The plant material was collected from the Tirupati, Andhra pradesh, India in the month of February 2014. The plant taxonomical authenticated by Prof; Dr. K. Madhava chetty, Department of Botany, SV University, Tirupati. The voucher specimen of Corallocarpus epigaeus L has been preserved in our laboratory for further collection and reference. Chemicals Various reagents like Mayer’s reagent, Wagner’s reagent, Hager’s reagent, Dragendroff’s reagent, ÃŽ ± napthol solution, Fehlings solution A B, Barfoeds reagent, Millons reagent, Ninhydrins solution, cuso4, ethanol 95%, potassium hydroxide, concentrated HNO3, pyridine, sodium nitroprusside, sodium picrate, concentrated HNO3, pyridine, sodium nitroprusside, sodium picrate, concentrated H2SO4, Glacial acetic acid, Ferric chloride, Ammonium hydroxide solution, Potassium dichromate solution, Thionyl chloride solution, Phenolpthalein, Chloroform, etc. were received from standard suppliers to Dept of Pharmacology, SIPS-Proddatur. 6.1.1 Preparation of Whole Plant ethanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus L The fresh leaves of Corallocarpus epigaeus L. The sieved powder was stored in airtight container and kept at room temperature for further study. The dried powdered material (250gm) was extracted with 95% ethanol using soxhlet apparatus for about 72hours. Figure no 12: SOXHLET APPARATUS DISTILLATION APPARATUS After extraction with solvent, the marc was dried in hot air oven below 50o c and was concentrated by distilling off the solvent and evaporating to dryness. The dried extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening for detection of various phytoconstituents. 6.1.2 Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis74 The ethanolic extract Corallocarpus epigaeus L was subjected to various analytical tests in order to identify various phytoconstituents. Test for Alkaloids Mayer’s test To 1 ml of the extract, a drop or two drop of Mayer’s reagent was added by the side of test tube. Appearance of a white or creamy precipitate indicates presence of alkaloids. Wagner’s Test To 1 ml of the extract, few drops of Wagner’s reagent was added. Development of reddish brown colour indicates the presence of alkaloids. Hager’s Test To the 1 ml of the extract, few drops of Hager’s reagent was added. A prominent yellow colour indicates the test as positive. Dragendroff’s Test To the 1 ml of the extract, few drop of Dragendroff’s reagent was added. A prominent yellow colour indicates the test as positive. Test for Carbohydrates Benedict’s Test To 5 ml of Benedict’s reagent, 1 ml of the extract solution was added and boiled for 2 minute and cooled. Formation of red precipitate shows the presence of carbohydrates. Molisch’s Test To 2 ml of extract, two drops of alcoholic solution of ÃŽ ±-naphthol was added and shaken well. Later 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added slowly along the side of the test tubes and allowed to stand. A violet ring indicates the presence of carbohydrates. Fehling’s Test To 1 ml of the extract, add equal quantity of Fehling solution A and B were added. Appearance of red precipitate indicates the presence of sugars. Barfoed’s Test To 2 ml of the extract, 2 ml of Barfoed reagent was added and mixed well. It was heated for 1-2 minute in boiling water bath and cooled. Formation of red precipitate Indicates the presence of sugars. Test for Protein and Amino Acids Million’s Test To 2 ml of the extract, few drops of Million reagent was added. A white precipitate Indicates the presence of proteins. Ninhydrin Test To the 2 ml of the extract, two drops of Ninhydrin solution was added. A characteristic purple color indicates the presence of amino acids, proteins and peptides. Biurett Test To 1 ml of the extract, one or two drop of 1% copper sulphate solution was added and tothis 1 ml of ethanol (95%) was added, followed by excess of potassium hydroxide pellets. The pink layer in ethanolic layer indicates the presence of proteins. Xanthoprotein Test To 1 ml of the extract, add 1 ml of concentrated Nitric acid was added resulting in the formation of a white precipitate which is then boiled and cooled. Then 20% sodium hydroxide in ammonia was added. Orange colour indicates the presence of aromatic amino acids. Test for Glycosides Legal’s Test 2 ml of extract was dissolved in the solution of pyridine. Then sodium nitroprusside was added, to make it alkaline. The change in the colour from yellow to orange was not observed, which indicates the presence of glycosides. Baljet’s Test To 1 ml of the extract, 1 ml of sodium picrate solution was added. The colour from yellow to orange reveals the presence of glycosides. Borntrager’s Test To 1 ml of extract, few ml of sulphuric acid was added, boiled, filtered and extracted with chloroform. The chloroform layer was than treated with few ml of ammonia. The formation of red colour indicates the presence shows the presence of anthraquinone glycosides. Keller Killani Test The extract was dissolved in acetic acid containing traces of ferric chloride and was transferred to a test tube containing sulphuric acid. At the junction, the formation of reddish brown colour, which gradually turns to blue, confirms the presence of glycosides. Test for Flavonoids Shinoda Test To 1 ml of extract, magnesium turnings was added and 1-2 drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid was added drop wise. Formation of pink to crimson colour indicates the presence of flavonoids. Alkaline reagent Test The aqueous solution of the extract was treated with 10% ammonium hydroxide solution. Yellow fluorescence indicates the presence of flavonoids. Tests for Tannins and Phenolic compounds Ferric chloride Test To 1 ml of the extract, add few drops of neutral 5% ferric chloride solution. Formation of dark greenish colour shows the presence of phenolic compounds. To the extract add potassium dichromate solution, formation of a precipitate shows the presence of tannins and phenolic compounds. Test for Triterpenoids Two or three granules of tin metal were added to thionyl chloride solution present in a test tube. Later 1 ml of extract solution was added. The formation of pink colour indicates the presence of triterpenoids. Test for Saponins The 1 ml of the extract was diluted with distilled water and the volume was made up to 20 ml. The suspension was shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15 minutes. Appearance of foam indicates the presence of saponins. Tests for Fixed Oil Spot test A small quantity of the extract was pressed between two filter papers. Appearance of oily stain on the presence of fixed oils. Saponification Test A few drops of 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution was added to a small quantity of extract along with a drop of phenolphthalein. The mixture was heated on water bath for 2 hrs. Formation of the soap or partial neutralization of alkali indicates the presence of fixed oil. Tests for Steroids Libermann Buchard Test 1ml of the extract was dissolved in 2 ml of chloroform in a dry test tube. 10 drops of acetic anhydride and 2 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid was added to it. The solution turns to red, then blue and finally bluish green, indicating the presence of steroids. Salkowski Test The extract was dissolved in chloroform the extract in chloroform and equal volume of concentrated sulphuric acid was added. Formation of bluish red to cherry red colour in chloroform layer and green fluorescence observed acid indicates the presence of steroids. 6.2 INVITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITY Cell Lines COLO 320 cell lineswere obtained from sugen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Tirupati and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Difco, invitrogen corp, Canada). General information74 Organism Homo sapiens, human Tissue Colon Product Format Frozen Morphology Cells are rounded and refractile Culture Properties Loosely adherent, multicell aggregates Biosafety Level 1 Disease DukestypeC,colorectaladenocarcinomas Age 55 years Gender Female Ethnicity Caucasian Storage Condition Liquid nitrogen vapor phase GenesExpressed Serotonin,norepinephrine,epinephrine,Adreno Cortico Tropic Hormone (ACTH), parathyroid hormone. Tumorigenic effectsYes, in nude mice CommentsCells are weakly positive for keratins Culture Method The base medium for this cell line is formulated RPMI-1640 Medium. 6.2.1 Tryphan Blue dye Exclusion Assay Method75 Table 5: List of instruments Table 6: List of Chemicals Experimental Design The designed study consists of three groups viz: Negitive control, Control, Test. In the Negative control group the cell lines were incubated with the medium for a period of 24 hours. This group was designed to rule out the possibility of any growth inhibitory effect of certain compounds of medium. The control group was designed to rule out the effect of any residual or traces of solvent with which the extract was prepared on the growth inhibition of cell lines. Here the solvent employed was ethanol and hence it is added at the concentration of 0.1% (v/v) in distilled water. In test group different concentrations of test extract i.e, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µg/ml are incubated with colo 320 cell lines for a period of 24 hours. This group was used to study the effect on cell line viability. Table7: Experimental Design to Study the Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus L on colo 320 Cell Line Viability by Tryphan Blue Assay Procedure 1. An aliquot of cell suspension being tested for viability was centrifuged for 5 min andsupernatant was discarded. The size of the aliquot depends on the approximate number of cells present. The aliquot is taken such that it contained a convenient number of cells to count in a haemocytometer when suspended in 1 ml PBS and then diluted again by mixing with 0.4% Tryphan blue (e.g., 5 Ãâ€"105 cells/ml). 2. The cell pellet was resuspended in 1 ml PBS or serum free complete medium. Serum proteins stain with Tryphan blue and can produce misleading results. Hence determinations must be made in serum-free solution. 3. Mix 1 part of 0.4% Tryphan blue and 1 part cell suspension (dilution of cells) cells were mixed and allowed to incubate at room temperature for approximately 3 minutes, Cells were counted within 3 to 5 min of mixing with Tryphan blue, as longer incubation periods will lead to cell death and reduced viability counts. Mixing was performed in a well of a microtiter plate or a small plastic tube using 10 to20  µl each of cell suspension and Tryphan blue. 4. A drop of the Tryphan blue/cell mixture was applied on to haemocytometer. The haemocytometer on the stage of a binocular microscope and cells were focused clearly. 5. The no. of unstained (viable) and stained (nonviable) cells were counted separately in the haemocytometer. Seeding of Cells COLO 320 cells were cultured to reach the 80-90% confluency using RPMI 1640 medium. After reaching the desired confluency, culture was collected and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to get cell pellet. The pellet was resuspended in 1ml of fresh culture media. Cell concentration was determined by Tryphan blue assay was performed by mixing 50  µlitres of culture and 50  µlitres of 0.4% tryphan blue dye. Finally cells seeded in 24 well plates at the concentration 10000 cells/ml and incubated at 5% co2 incubator at 370 c for 24 hours. Drug Treatment Cells were maintained in 24 well plates in triplicate for every concentration, and treated with different concentrations of (10, 25, 50, 75, 100 µgm). Corallocarpus epigaeus L, test compound and control groups were treated with medium and ethanol. The treated cells were incubated for 24 hours in 5% co2 incubator at 370c. Invitro Cytotoxic Assay After 24 hours incubation the cells were collected from each well in eppendroffs and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 min to get cell pellet, to the pellet 50 µlit of each medium and tryphan blue was added and mixed well to suspend the pellet. Cytotoxicity was screened by performing tryphan blue assay. Percent of growth inhibition was calculated by using the following formula 6.2.2 Micro Culture Tetrazolium Assay76 Plant Material Used: Whole plant ethanolic extract of Corallocarpus epigaeus L. Principle This assay is based on the capacity of mitochondria succinate dehydrogenase enzymes in living cells to reduce the yellow coloured watersolublesubstrate3(4,5dimethylthiazolyl)2,5diphenyltetrazoliumbromideintoaninsolublepurplecolouredformazanproductwhosecolouredismeasuredbymeansofELISAreaderat540nm.Onlyviablecellswithactivemitochondria reducesignificant amountsof MTT, since reduction of MTT can only occur in metabolically active cells. Figure 13: Reduction of MTT to a formazan compound by mitochondrial Enzymes Cell Lines Human colorectal adenocarcinoma- colo 320were obtained by sugen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Tirupati from an authenticated supplier. Stock culture of these cell lines were cultured in RPMI -1640 with 10% inactivated newborn bovine serum, Penicillin (100 IU/ml), Streptomycin (100 µg/ml)) under humidified. The cells were dissociated in 0.2% trypsin and 0.02% EDTA in phosphate buffered saline solution. The stock culture was grown in 25cm 2 tissue culture flasks and cytotoxicity experiments were carried out in 96 well microtiter plates. Procedure Cell lines in the exponential growth phase were selected, washed, trypsinized and suspended in complete culture media i.e, RPMI 1640. The microtiter plates and incubated for 24hrs during which a partial monolayer was formed. They were then exposed to various concentrations of the extract (1-100 µg/ml). Control wells received only the maintenance medium. The plates were incubated at 37 °C and 48 hrs and cells were periodically checked for granularity, shrinkage and swelling. After 48 hrs, the sample solution in wells was flicked off and 50 µl of MTT dye was added to each well. The plates were gently shaken and incubated for 4 hrs at 370C in 5%CO2 incubator. The supernatant was removed and 50  µl of DMSO was added. The plates were gently shaken to solubilise the formed formazan. The absorbance was measured at 540nm. The percentage of growth inhibition was calculated using the following formula, Values of absorbance were converted into percentage of residual viability. Usually the Inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) is chosen as the best biological marker of cytotoxicity. The IC50 value represents the concentration of the test extracts that reduced 50% of cell inhibition. Statistical analysis Statistical evaluation of data was done by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test on viability using computer based fitting program (Prism graph pad prism version 6.03) statistical significance was set at p,0.05. IC50 was calculated by linear interpolation method using the formula IC50 = Ãâ€"(D-C)+C Where A = The first point on the curve, expressed in percent inhibition, that is less than 50% B = The first point on the curve, expressed in percent inhibition, that is greater than or equal to 50% C = The concentration of inhibitor that gives A% inhibition D = The concentration of inhibitor that gives B % inhibition

Subaltern Realism Mohammed Ayoob Analysis

Subaltern Realism Mohammed Ayoob Analysis In the end of 1980s and beginning of the 1990s; Mohammad Ayoob, a scholar of international relations, proposed and developed the subaltern realism theory. Subaltern realism is a response to the neorealism of Kenneth Waltz and other scholars. The theory provides a critical tool for the root and main causes of current conflict and state behaviors in the Third World. It emphasizes the differences between conditions of the industrialized core states and the Third World. To include the third World in the mainstream theory of IR, Ayoob proposes different concepts of security with updated and innovative variables and new set of questions. Ayoob has proposed five variables, which describes the state building process, how a developing state should sustain its economical and political relations especially with its neighboring countries and with the rest of the world. The first option he proposes is strong security through which a state can assure its economic growth, better educational system, security, healthcare and peace. Mohammad Ayoobs subaltern realism theory with its five variables are applicable in Afghanistan considering the facts about weak or no security and corrupt state building process since the very beginning. Subaltern realism theory can lead us to some answer regarding the troubled and turbulent Afghan history. Since very long time Afghans have been trying to bring security in Afghanistan but none of the Afghan presidents have achieved this goal. Failure for maintaining a lasting stability in Afghanistan is and may remain a big issue for the current and every government which will rule over the country. Lasting stability requires national political compromises and reconciliations, an accountable and functioning political system along with reliable government. Spoiled by cheating, Afghanistans parliamentary election was a clear example of a corrupt state with coercion left as the only means to consolidate their rule. History tells us that almost every government was based on coercion. Ahmad Shah Durrani the very first person who conquered and ruled over the whole country winning his way in by sword. Following him, especially in the late twentieth century when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, coercion was again used for consolidation of power. Even in current situations we have been noticing that president Karzai fails to convince people (Taliban) to join him and his government, which results in bringing the international community and the USA in to fight him against the corruption and help him with creating a better state. Indeed usage of political capacity as a means to build a functioning state has proved devastating for all those regimes. Discrimination and nepotism has been one of the major issues behind security, state failure and corruption in Afghanistan since very long ago. There are various ethnic groups in Afghanistan, which most of them are not united. Such disunities between ethnicities are much dangerous for security and stability of the country. We have seen throughout the history that these ethnical discriminations have given birth to numerous domestic wars. In Afghan politics, Pashtuns are never accepted by Tajiks and vice versa. In recent parliamentary elections, many Hazaras have been elected as representative of people in parliament, of course through cheating which affects the state building process. For a bright future, stable country, absolute security and prosperity we have to adjust to national identity and eliminate the discrimination and get to know each other as Afghans. Afghanistan and Pakistan have conflict on the Pak-Afghan border for over a century. Except Taliban, no government has had good relations with Pakistan over the Pashtunistan issue, which is now Pakistan after border demarcation by British in 1893. This demarcation has affected security and stability on both sides for decades. If situations in Pakistan (Pashtunistan) are threatened, it is clear that Afghanistan will not remain stable as well. The UN and the international community together have been working on the issue but no solution has been provided yet. Such demographic and border disputes indeed have slowed down the pace of state-building in Afghanistan. Great power rivalries have also contributed during the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, Afghan Civil War and on the War on Terrorism. Using Afghanistan as an ideal transit state for gaining access to rich resourced central Asian markets, Pakistans Pashtun population showed empathy with Pashtuns (Sunni Muslims) on the other side of Durand Line, and mean while Iran started supporting non-Pashtun population of Afghanistan (Shitte Muslims). The emerging Iran-Pakistan rivalry contributed greatly to the Taliban takeover after the Afghan civil war. North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas are placed in Pak-Afghan border, which have become key sources for weapon supplies and for recruitment of anti government militant groups in Afghanistan. The Irans nuclear program and the United States of Americas standoff over it has introduced and created difficulties in the Afghan-Iran political and economic relations. Iran is an important and key supporter of the Hamid Karzais government-backed by the West; but with the continued pressure on Iran from the US has forced Iran to carry on with their mission of destabilizing Afghanistans domestic situations and disrupting the Washington Afghan campaign. No doubt regional power rivalry has an input in the state-building process of Afghanistan. International norms have not been given any importance in Afghan-British wars, Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, under the Taliban and during the War on Terrorism-Afghanistan. Killing innocent lives and civilian causalities have been completely ignored in almost every disaster mentioned above. During the Soviet Invasion, millions of Afghans were killed, millions lost their shelters, and millions were displaced. Numerous genocides have taken place in the history of Afghanistan; Khalq political party, Percham political party, ISI, CIA and US Marines all have played an important role in it. In conclusion, five variable introduced by Mohammad Ayoob has been clearly used and noted in the history of Afghanistan. Unfortunately, each time this genocide was used as an effort for stabilized, secure, prosperous, developed and peaceful nation. Most generally the environmental security is concern with how much humans are liable to the natural resources. This theory focuses on the possible connections between scarcity of resources and conflicts. Traditionally across the 1980s, the issue of natural resources scarcity had arisen as security threat in the geopolitics and political science literature. Environmental degradation is in itself a sever threat to human security and all life on earth. Air and water pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, etc., resulting from civilian and military activities can do change our living conditions dramatically. This is why many definition of environmental security have focused on sustainable utilization and protection of the human environment. Nature is no longer the opponent of society, against which humanity must struggle to survive: it is something that we must protect from the negative consequences of our own activities. Devastating Wars in Afghanistan has led to deforestation, water pollution, immigration, and soil infertility, wide and rapid spread of environmental diseases. Most of the forests of the country have been burnt during the war, various kinds of chemicals and heavy arms have been used on our lands. These chemicals polluted the air and water of Afghanistan at high level. However air pollution is not a major issue in Afghanistan, but reliance of air pollution on inexpensive energy surely has generated some issues. Most vehicles inside urban areas run on diesel fuel wood and coil burning which mostly relies on resources for household energy. During the winter season, most of the families burn woods in homemade heaters called Chari. Along with woods, they mix coil, diesel and other burning materials so the fire can warm up the room/house better. The smoke that comes out of these heaters mixes up and pollutes the air which poses health disease. Premature deaths and health problems such as ma laria, diarrhea and pneumonia are the most direct environmental problems in Afghanistan. Unfortunately, infants are the victims of these diseases for the most part. What could be done to protect our environment and people from such threats? To control the air pollution, the government has brought changes in the weekly off days and even has restricted the means of transportation within the Kabul city. Government employees are advised to stay off from their works on Thursdays, so the number of cars could be reduced during the day. Very few taxis are allowed to drive on Mondays, and those who are allowed once will not be allowed until their term reaches again. The process is little complicated but I believe it is a good initiative and good step towards controlling and decreasing air pollution. As per institutional liberalism, I suggest there should be institutions which should work on educating people and should let them know about the harms of misusing the natural resources. People wh o should be responsible for this, must be technical and skilled, should be aware of all environmental threats. The best and intelligent ways to regain the hope of our survival through these environmental crises is to address the environmental issues to people, which is not an easy task and might take decades. To protect and safeguard the environmental security, the whole human environment is considered including the assurance for a sustainable future and the resolution of environmental problems. States Balancing VS Bandwagon Bandwagon is the logic most frequently used by the American neoconservatives. They, Bushs team, believed that by threatening one sovereign state, we can simply make others around them ally with us as the only super power. This was the sole purpose for the US military intervention of IRAQ, where they wanted Iran and North Korea to extend the hand of friendship. But vice versa those countries started working even harder on their nuclear programs. State balance, a realist theory, however states that power and might should be dispersed and shared between the states. This way, the general good and international peace will be sustained. It also makes states less influenced and feared from other powerful ones, remarkably declining the possibility of armed rivalry and wars. Therefore, state balance is the more civilized and humane and therefore produces a set of policies which should be preferred.

Environmental Ethics Essay -- Global Warming Climate Change

The Need for Environmental Ethics â€Å"Unless humanity is suicidal, it should want to preserve, at the minimum, the natural life-support systems and processes required to sustain its own existence† (Daily p.365). I agree with scientist Gretchen Daily that drastic action is needed now to prevent environmental disaster. Immediate action and changes in attitude are not only necessary for survival but are also morally required. In this paper, I will approach the topic of environmental ethics from several related sides. I will discuss why the environment is a morally significant concern, how an environmental ethic can be developed, and what actions such an ethic would require to maintain and protect the environment. The most obvious reason that the environment has moral significance is that damage to it affects humans. Supporters of a completely human-centered ethic claim that we should be concerned for the environment only as far as our actions would have a negative effect on other people. Nature has no intrinsic value; it is not good and desirable apart from its interaction with human beings. Destruction and pollution of the environment cannot be wrong unless it results in harm to other humans. This view has its roots in Western tradition, which declares that â€Å"human beings are the only morally important members of this world† (Singer p.268). William F. Baxter exemplifies this anthropocentric viewpoint. In his book People or Penguins: The Case of Optimal Pollution, he argues that society should respect and attempt to preserve environmental balance only if the benefits to humans outweigh the costs. Baxter claims that, since there is no normative definition of â€Å"pure† air or water, society should aim for a level of pol... ...osystem Services With Efficiency, Fairness, and Sustainability as Goals.† Daily 49-64 * Daily, Gretchen C., ed. Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997. * ---. â€Å"Valuing and Safeguarding Earth’s Life-Support Systems.† Daily 365-373. * Fritsch, Albert J. Environmental Ethics: Choices for Concerned Citizens. Garden City: Anchor Press-Doubleday, 1980. * Myers, John Peterson. â€Å"Perspectives on Nature’s Services.† Daily xvii-xviii. * Shirk, Evelyn. â€Å"New Dimensions in Ethics: Ethics and the Environment.† Ethics and the Environment. Proc. of Conf. on Ethics and the Environment, April 1985, Long Island University. Ed. Richard E. Hart. Lanham: University Press of America, 1992. 1-10. Singer, Peter. Practical Ethics. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Like Water For Chocolate by Laura Esquivel Essay example -- Film Movie

Like Water For Chocolate The film, Like Water for Chocolate, represents a story through incorporating the idea of food as feelings and expressing the woman’s roles during the Mexican Revolution. The film is a romantic-comedy showing many joking ways of hard times and soft issues and the way of life. The most striking and theme seems to be how women seem to be in charge rather then males; during this time period, I thought that men were more likely to be the head of the household and in charge. Throughout the film, the main overall theme is that a woman had an illegitimate daughter with someone while she was married, her husband left her, and she was alone with three girls and the youngest, Tita, was to never marry because she was to take care of her mother until the day she died. As Tita grew her and a boy, Pedro, fell in love, but her mother would not allow her to marry, and instead, he married her sister, Rosura, to be close to her. Pedro and Rosura had their last child and Rosura vowed she would not be able to marry because she too, like Tita, would have to take care of her until the day she died. Tita very much hated this idea, as she hated how her mother controlled her and forbade her to not marry her only love, as seen at the end when Rosura dies, Pedro and Tita are now able to get married at last. This silly tradition of the youngest girl taking care of her mother shows the power of family traditions and most likely, a Latin American tradition. The mother was ...

Community Service in High School Essay

Community service, work done without pay, is becoming increasingly familiar to high school students nation-wide. Schools are encouraging student to participate in communities that contribute so much to their public education. However, requiring 100 hours of community service is asking too much of students and should be reduced to 50 hours. Students already have their hands full among homework, clubs, sports, and their actual lives. Because the work may not be volunteering if it is required, then students can receive grades and credits that will show up on their transcripts for the community service they volunteer for. It is true of course, that requiring 50 hours of community service would take up students’ time for homework, clubs, and sports, but the service could be completed during the summer and student would have 4 years of their high school career to complete. Wouldn’t requiring the volunteer work make it not voluntary? Well, yes, of course! But it would give stu dents the chance to say, â€Å"I am never doing that again†, or â€Å"I am glad I did that.† Academic gain. Students will tend to do better in school because they would be able to apply what they are learning in school. Increase in self-efficiency for students because they learn that they can all make a difference in what they do, â€Å"Can-do-attitude.† Additionally students will increase their problem-solving skills, while volunteering students will run into problems that requires the use of their brain to solve. Again, applying what they lean in school to use in â€Å"real-life.† Right out of high school, students who volunteer are more likely to vote based on the attitude –â€Å"I can make a difference† – they get from the community service they partake in. Potential employers would see the community service hours attractive. That attraction could lead to a career, not just a job. The hours volunteered in the community could also help students receive future scholarships. The connections students create when meeting new faces or organizations would help with scholarships – the more people/organizations a students know = more possibilities of a recommendation. Community service would be beneficial for all that are involved. Students learning skill that prove beneficial for life. The community being able to receive back what they contribute to public education. So yes, requiring community service hours to graduate high school should be passed.

Discourse Analysis Mini Research Essay

This chapter presents an go up consisting of accentuate of deal, problems of study, objective of the study, and signifi kittyce of the study. 1.1 ground of the accept Language has a kind loving occasion as a appliance to prep atomic number 18 connection amidst forgiving beings. With screw on phraseology, it clings impossible for muckle to interact with separatewise(a)s in their daily bearing beca rehearse style sewer cover rafts feeling, willing, opinion, etc. In causa of communication, some frequent excogitations faculty invite lingual surgical procedure role in socio culture. The figure public non lone(prenominal) as the entertainer for society al angiotensin-converting enzyme as grow as as a trendsetter of both prescribeings much(prenominal) as the fashion style, hobby, and the oral communication style.The later aspect is the interesting one that we want to analyze in our mini research. The watch of figure public cheek style tow ard society is could studied in Critical confabulation abstract ( parking bealy abridge to CDA). Fairclough, the founder of CDA, explicates that CDA is a theory of lyric poem in genial intercourse to business office and political orientation (19951).This is a theory enabling us to discover how a ruling dissever rules the society through their philology employs. plain put, CDA is an interdisciplinary study combining linguistic theory and amicable theories, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as politics, economics, religion, culture, communication, etc. in order to send packing light on how the sociable and power domination argon acted out in linguistic practice. We nominate found nomenclature style exercised by figure public in some(prenominal) kinds of media such(prenominal)(prenominal) as television, radio, internet, rude(a)(a)spaper, and even in media kindlys. one and only(a) of the phenomenal public figure is an Indonesian singer, Syahrini, who is kn testify b y her talking to. She produces some far-famed manner of speaking such as sesuatu, Alhamdulillah ya, cetar membahana, and the stand firm one is terpampang nyata. Those five manner of speaking atomic number 18 famous among our society and everyone much drop them in daily communication. How do Syahrinis countersignatures form language utilization in socio cultural? Of course, in that location is a reason why does Syahrini kick in bombastic(p) impact to societys language usage. Based on theunique phenomena supra, the researchers breeding the mini research entit take consequence Construction in Syahrinis Utterances.1.2 fuss of The Study Based on the background supra, the problem of the study is exploitulated as follow a. How do the words produced by Syahrini influence language consumption in companionable practice? 1.3 Objective of The StudyObjective of the study is a. To find out the influence of the words produced by Syahrini toward language use in friendly practi ceCHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED literature 2.1 Discourse compend According to Gillian Br give, talk close abstract is a term that has come to take a shit different interpretations for scholars working in different disciplines. For a sociolinguist, it is refer mainly with the grammatical build upion of amicable interaction manifested in conversation for a psycholinguist, it is primarily matter toed with the nature of comprehension of short compose texts for the computational linguist, it is concerned with producing operational flummoxs of text-understanding deep down passing limited contexts.In this schoolbook, the authors come through an extensive overview of the m some(prenominal) and diverse blastes to the study of preaching, besides base their own approach centrally on the discipline which, to variant degrees, is common to them all linguistics. Using a methodology which has much in common with descriptive linguistics, they offer a diaphanous and wide-ranging account of how forms of language be utilise in communication.Their principal concern is to examine how whatever language produced by man, whether spoken or written, is use to sink for a purpose in a context. The discussion is c arfully illustrated throughout by a wide variety of communication types (conversations recorded in different friendly situations, extracts from newspapers, notices, contemporary fiction, graffiti, etc.). The techniques of analysis atomic number 18 expound and exemplified in sufficient detail for the bookman to be able to apply them to any language in context that he or she encounters.A familiarity with elementary linguistics is assumed, just now the range of issues discussed in adjunction with the variety of exemplification presented will take for this a valuable and stimulating textbook not only for students of linguistics, but for any meditateer who wishes to investigate the principles underlying the use of language in pictorial contexts to take and understand intended centre.2.2 Critical Discourse compend Critical Discourse Analysis is establish heavily upon Hallidays administrationic determinational linguistics (Fairclough, 1992, Fairclough 1999), and the hypercritical linguisticsapproach which stemmed from the work led by Roger Fowler at the University of East Anglia in the 1970s (Fairclough 1992, Coffin 2001). Fairclough supported the ideas of critical linguistics, but felt that in some respects, they did not go far enough. Fowler claims that the authorisation of critical linguistics lies in its qualification to equip readers for demystificatory readings of political theory-laden texts (Fowler, 1996 6). But Fairclough believed that this focuses excessively on the text as product, to the di stress of examining how these texts ar produced, and how they whitethorn be interpreted. For Fairclough, it is every bit vital that we understand the process of mathematical product of the text, as intumesce as the p rocess of interpretation of the text.CDA aims at making the connections gauzy among preaching practices, accessible practices and complaisant structures, connections that might be opaque to the layperson (Sheyholislami 2001). Luke (as cited in Taiwo 2007) describes that CDA is a method of DA that reveals orphic ideas behind everyday discussion. Language is no longer seen as merely reflecting outer(a) reality. Fiske (1994) understands that our words argon never sluggish they carry power that reflects interest of speakers. The objective of CDA is to uncover the ideologies or assumptions that ar un go behind the words of our written texts or oral speech.2.3 Faircloughs Framework for Analysis Discourses are forms of sociable practice. They are to a fault apparently texts (in the wider understanding of the word). But Faircloughs model adds a mediating third symmetry which focuses on talk of as a air divisionicularally discursive practice (Fairclough, 1992 71). discursive practice is itself a form of neighborly practice, and focuses on the processes of text production, distribution and consumption. diagrammatically as follows This is representedFairclough describes this framework as an attempt to bring to progress toher ternary analytic customss, each of which is indispensable These analytical traditions are The tradition of close textual and linguistic analysis inside linguistics. The macrosociological tradition of analyzing well-disposed practice in relation to br some early(a)wisely structures The interpretivist or microsociological tradition of eyesight friendly practice as something which sight actively produce and rat sense of on the basis of plough parcel outd reasonableprocedures. for cover analysis.2.4 Theory of political theory The theory of ideology that informs the discourse analytic approach of this paper is multidisciplinary. It is articulated within a abstract triangle that connects society, discourse and heart y cognition in the framework of a critical discourse analysis ( avant-garde Dijk, 1993b). In this approach, ideologies are the funda kind frameworks for organizing the hearty cognitions shared by members of affectionate separates, systems or institutions. In this respect, ideologies are both cognitive and social. They essentially function as the port wine mingled with the cognitiverepresentations and processes underlying discourse and action, on the one hand, and the societal berth and interests of social congregations, on the some new(prenominal) hand. This inclination of ideology too accords us to pull in the crucial link amid macrolevel analyses of pigeonholings, social formations and social structure, and microlevel studies of situated, individual interaction and discourse. neighborly cognition is, here, placed as the brass of kind representations and processes of theme members (for details, see, e.g., Fiske and Taylor, 1991 Resnick, Levine and Teasley, 19 91). Part of the system is the sociocultural knowledge shared by the members of a specific group, society or culture. Members of groups whitethorn too share critical beliefs, viz., opinions, organized into social attitudes.Thus, feminists whitethorn share attitudes around abortion, affirmative action or corporate glass ceilings blocking promotion, or other forms of discrimination by men. Ideologies, then, are the boilersuit, abstract mental systems that organize such socially shared attitudes. The feminist attitudes comely mentioned, for instance, whitethorn be internally incorporate and mutually relate by widely distributed principles or pro seats that together delimitate a feminist ideology. Similar examples may be given for anti-Semite(a), anti- racial, corporate or ecological attitudes and their underlying ideologic systems.Through heterogeneous and usually long-term processes of socialization and other forms of social learning bear upon , ideologies are grad ually acquired by members of a group or culture. As systems of principles that organize social cognitions, ideologies are assumed to curtail, through the thoughts of the members, the social reproduction of the group.Ideologies mentally represent the basic social characteristics of a group, such as their identity, tasks, finiss, norms, value, position and resources. Since ideologies are usually self-serving, it would seem that they are organized by these group-schemata. washrag racists, for example, represent society basically in foothold of a fight amid whites and non-whites, in which the identity, goals, values, positions and resources of whites are seen to be endanger by theothers. They do so by representing the relations between themselves and the Others essentially in terms of us versus them, in which we are associated with positive properties and they are associated with bad properties. such ideologies of groups and group relations are constructed by a groupbased selecti on of relevant social values. Feminists, on the one hand, select and link modified importance to such values as independence, autonomy and equality. Racists, on the other hand, focus on self-identity, superiority of the own group, and hence on inequality, while at the resembling time advocating the primacy of their own group and the privilege of chooseential entryway to cute social resources. The cores and schematic organization of group ideologies in the social mind shared by its members are a function of the properties of the group within the societal structure.The identity form of a group ideology organizes the information as well as the social and institutional actions that define membership who belongs to the group, and who does not who is admitted and who is not. For groups who share a racist ideology, this may mean, among other things, resentment, actions and policies against immigration and integration in our culture, country, city, neighborhood, family or company. S imilarly, the goal phratry of groups who share a racist ideology organizes the information and actions that define the boilers suit aims of the group, e.g., to keep our country white. The position category foreigners ,defines the relations of the group with reference groups, such as, immigrants , refugeesor starks . In sum, the social functions of ideologies are,among others, to allow members of a group to organize (admission to) their group, organize their social actions and goals, to protect their (privileged) resources, or, conversely, to gain access to such resources in the case of dissenter or oppositional groups. As basic forms of social cognitions, however, ideologies overly have cognitive functions. We have already suggested that they organize, monitor and potency specific group attitudes. Possibly, ideologies also control the development, structure and application of sociocultural knowledge. To wit, feminists have picky interest in acquiring and victimization knowl edge around the dominance of women by men.Generally though, we shall assume that ideologies more than specifically control evaluative beliefs, that is, social opinions shared by the members of a group. At this mental interface of the social and the individual, however, ideologies and the attitudes and knowledge they control, also indirectly influence the private cognitions of group members, e.g., the send offning and understanding oftheir discourses and other forms of (inter)action.These own(prenominal) mental representations of good deals experiences of such social practices are called models (Johnson-Laird, 1983 van Dijk, 1987b van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983). Models are mental representations of events, actions, or situations community are look atd in, or which they read astir(predicate). The set of these models represents the beliefs (knowledge and opinions) people have about their everyday lives and defines what we usually call peoples experiences.These models are unique and in-person and controlled by the bio graphic experiences of social actors. On the other hand, they are also socially controlled, that is, influenced by the full general social cognitions members share with other members of their group.This combined presence of personal and (instantiated, particularized, applied) social information in mental models allows us not only to explain the well-known missing link between the individual and the social, between the micro and the macro analysis of society, but also to make plain the relations between general group ideologies and actual text and talk.That is, models control how people act, speak or write, or how they understand the social practices of others. We, thus, have thefollowing, highly simplified elements in the relations between ideologies and discourse at various levels of analysis. In other words, ideologies are localized between societal structures and the structures of the minds of social members. They allow social actors to translate their social properties (identity, goal, position, etc.) into the knowledge and beliefs that make up the cover models of their everyday life experiences, that is, the mental representations of their actions and discourse.Indirectly (viz., through attitudes and knowledge), therefore, ideologies control how people plan and understand their social practices, and hence also the structures of text and talk. Ideologies define and explain the similarities of the social practices of social members, but our theoretical framework at the comparable time accounts for individual variation. Each social actor is a member of some(prenominal) an(prenominal) social groups, each with their own, sometimes hostile ideologies.At the same time, each social actor has her/his own, sometimes unique, biographical experiences ( emeritus models ), attitudes, ideologies and values, and these will also interfere in the construction of models,which, in turn, will influence the production (and the comprehension) of discourse. Hence, the schema given supra may be read authorize down, or bottom up.The relations obscure are dynamic and dialectic ideologies part control what people do and say (via attitudes and models), but concrete social practices or discourses are themselves needed to acquire social knowledge, attitudes and ideologies in the first place, viz., via the models people construct of others social practices (including others discourses) (van Dijk, 1990). At many points, our theoretical approach to ideology is at variance with classical and other contemporary approaches to ideology (see Eag permiton,1991 Larrain, 1979 Thompson, 1984, 1990).Ideologies in our spatial relation are not merely systems of ideas, let alone properties of the individual minds of persons. Neither are they vaguely defined as forms of consciousness, let alone as false consciousness. Rather, they are very specific basic frameworks of social cognition, with specific internal structures, and s pecific cognitive and social functions. As such, they (also) need to be analyzed in terms of explicit social psychological theories (see also Rosenberg, 1988), which perspicuously has nothing to do with mentalist reductionism.At the same time they are social, for they areessentially shared by groups and acquired, used, and changed by people as group members in social situations and institutions, often in situations of conflicting interests between social formations (Eagleton, 1991). However, ideologies are not dependent to dominant groups. Oppositional or dominated groups also share ideologies. The main problem of around critical approaches to ideology is that they are all inspired by social sciences and preferably confused philosophical approaches. They ignore elaborated and explicit cognitive analysis, and so they are unable to explicitly link social structures with social practices and discourses of individuals as social members.Ideologies or other social cognitions in our approach are not reduced to or uniquely defined in terms of the social practices they control (Coulter, 1989), nor to the discourses that express, convey or help reproduce them (Billig et al., 1988 Billig, 1991), or to the institutions in which they are reproduced. (For different but related approaches, see, e.g., Fairclough, 1989, 1992a Kress and Hodge, 1993.)Discourse analysis as ideological analysis The sketch of the theory of ideology presented above provides us with a conceptual framework that also allows us to engage in ideological analyses , and, hence, a brushup of discursive practices. After all, we have seen that ideologies, though variably and indirectly, may be show in text and talk, and that discourses as well function to persuasively help construct new and confirm already present ideologies. In both cases, this gist that there may be discourse structures that are especially relevant for an efficient reflection or persuasivecommunication of ideological moments.For instance, headlines in newspapers,, taken as prominent materializations of the overall meaning or gist (semantic macrostructure) of a news report in the press, form a special discourse category that is probably more same(p)ly to express or convey ideological content than, for instance, the number of commas in a text. On the other hand, we have no a priori theoretical grounds to exclude any textual structures from expressing underlying ideological principles.Indeed, close to all discourse structures are involved in the functional expression of mental models of events or communicative contexts, and,therefore, of the opinions that are part of such mental models. To wit, a racist opinion of a speaker about his black interlocutor, may be subtly expressed (involuntarily or not) by stripped intonation variations, interpreted by the black interlocutor as a racist way of addressing her, while sullening unwarrantably insolent or impolite (for many such examples of everyday racism, see E ssed, 1991). let us now examine these levels and properties of discourse and the ship canal ideologies may be expressed and conveyed more systematically.However, before we present a summary of preferential discoursestructures for the expression and communication of ideological meanings, we should be distinctly aware of what we are looking for. apt(p) the theory of ideology presented above, we need to attend primarily to those properties of discourse that express or mark the opinions, perspective, position, interests or other properties of groups.This is specifically the case when there is a conflict of interest, that is, when events may be seen, interpreted or evaluated in different, possibly opposed ways. The structures of ideologies also suggest that such representations are often articulated along an us versus them dimension, in which speakers of one group will by and large tend to present themselves or their own group in positive terms, and other groups in negative terms.Thu s, any attribute of discourse that expresses, establishes, confirms or emphasizes a self- concerned group opinion, perspective or position, especially in a broader socio-political context of social struggle, is a candidate for special attention in such an ideological analysis. such discourse structures usually have the social function of legitimating dominance or justifying concrete actions of power abuse by the elites. come forth structures The fall out structures of discourse refer to the variable forms of expression at the level of phonologic and graphical realization of underlying syntactic,semantic, matter-of-circumstance or other abstract discourse structures. With a few exceptions, such wax structures of text and talk do not have explicitmeanings of their own. They are only the conventional manifestations of underlying meanings.Yet, such locate structures may express and convey special operations or strategies. For instance, special stress or rule book or large printe d type may strategically be used to emphasize or draw off attention to specific meanings, as is the case when shouting at people or in screaming newspaper headlines. In the same way, special into national contours may help express irony, (lack of) politeness or other semantic or synergistic meanings and functions. These examples already suggest that surface structures may express or control the ways in which events are interpreted by speech participants.A large monetary standard headline may emphasize the prepossess summary of a news event, about a race riot, for instance, and insulting volume or intonation may besides inequality between speaker and forecast socialhearer. Theoretically, this representation that communicative contexts mayideologically controlled models of events or ofrepresent women or minorities in a negative way, and such opinions will not only influence the meanings of the text but also, indirectly, the sometimes clear-sighted variations of the graphical o r phonologic surface structures. Indeed, whereas the meanings of the text may not explicitly express or encode prepossession or social inequality, surface structures may let anyway.In general this means that such surface structures must be marked. They must be out of the indifferent and violate communicative rules or principles, i.e., those of practice size headlines, normal volume or intonation in polite transpirate such hidden meaningsspeech, and so on. Depending on meaning and context, then, such deviant surface structures may prefigure, express, or convey similarly deviant propertiesof models, such as a specially negative opinion about the competence of a woman or a black man.In other words, ideological surface structures primarily function as signals of special meanings or model structures, andmay, thus, also contribute to special processing of such interpretations of text and talk. Special graphical or phonological emphasis may also manage the importance of information or beliefs, and, hence, the hierarchical organization of models in which important information is located at the top.Conversely, meanings and beliefs may be de-emphasized or out of sight by non-prominent graphical or phonological structures when they express meanings that are inconsistent with the goals or interests of the speaker. Intonation, such as the tone of racist insults, may also conventionally signal specific social relations, and hence also ideologically based inequality.That is, they also influence the context models of the communicative context. The same is authentic for other forms of non-verbal communication, such as gestures, facial nerve expression, proximity, and so on, which also may signal interpersonal and social relations, and, therefore, ideological meanings. Finally, it is well known that accented speech of sociolects or dialects express or convey social class, ethnicity, gender, or social relations of familiarity or intimacy, as has been shown in much sociol inguistic and social psychological research (Giles and Coupland, 1991 Montgomery, 1986).Again, it is obviousthat such social relations may also be structured in conflict and inequality, and so presuppose ideological differences. Accents may thus signal or express prestige, accommodation, dominance, resistance or other ideologically controlled social relations.CHAPTER III look METHODS There are four aspect that are discussed in the chapter of research method. That are (1) type of research, (2) data and data sources, (3) data collection methods, and (4) data analysis 3.1 sign of research In this research, the writer uses soft research. According to Creswell (1997, p.15) Qualitative research is an question process of understanding based on distinct methodological traditions of inquiry that look a social or gentleman problem. The researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports expound views of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting.The re searcher analyzed CDA in the words produced by Syahrini. Therefore, later the researchers described the go of their analysis which tried to find out the influence of the wordsproduced by Syahrini toward language use in social culture. 3.2 info and selective information Sources The data sources were taken from the words produced by Syahrini. She is an Indonesian singer who is known by her words such as sesuatu, Alhamdulillah ya, cetar membahana, jambul khatulistiwa, and terpampang nyata. Those words are produced by Syahrini herself and they have a significant influence language use because many people use them in daily communication3.3 Data Collection Methods There are ternary go in collecting data, those are 1. The writers searched the words produced by Syahrini from the internet. 2. Listing the words produced by Syahrini3.4 Data Analysis In analyzing the data, the writer used some steps as follows 1. Identifying and analyzing the words produced by Syahrini utilise Faircloughs dimension of discourse 2. skeleton conclusionCHAPTER IV FINDING AND coating 4.1 Finding Ideologies Syahrini as one of the favourite artificer I Indonesia has her own characteristics of paragon beautiful person, moreover women. Unconsciously, she creates her own magnetic variation of the ideal women characters. She prefers to see the ideal women based on their physical appearances. She phanatically sees the beautiful women are they who have good physical appearances, such as slim body, white skin, swell nose, bulu mata lentik, and having jambul. It can be proven with the utterances on a regular basis used by her the like Cettar Membahana, Jambul Katulistiwa. It can be concluded that he prefer to see the author beauty sooner than the inner beauty of women.The following supports the above explanation. Here are the utterances regularly used by Syahrini, 1. Sesuatu 2. Cetar Membahana 3. Jambul Khatulistiwa 4. Bulu Mata Anti Badai Text Analysis Those utterances are merely concer ned with the wording choice and structure formation. As we know, those utterances spelled by Syahrini who is one of famous artist or singer in Indonesia. She prefer to say (datum 1) in expressing her feeling toward something.The expression of (1) represents her sadness or interest expression like mempesona, meriah, gokil. For example Trans TV sesuatu banget ya or Ayushanti memang sesuatu. kind of of maxim Trans TV gokil banget she prefers to say Trans TV sesuatu banget.In Bahasa Indonesia sesuatu has the equal meaning assomething. The diction something or sesuatu usually has the position as noun, but here Syahrini use this diction as adjective. On the other hand, Syharini usually say Cettar Membahana. Cettar membahana has the equal meaning as Luar Biasa or Amazing. Instead of byword luar biasa, she prefers to say cettar membahana. Cettar in Bahasa Indonesia followed the theory of onomatopoeia which defines as language formation influenced by the sound of something. Cettar expre sses the sound of fireworks when it burnt-out.So cettar menas something burnt, eye-catching, interesting, or extraordinary. overly that, she also adds the diction membahana after the word cetar. Membahana has almost the same meaning with cetar, but membahana here as adverb and better as adjectives. Form those explanation above cetar membahana means kill the expression of something amazed, great. In fact there is the expression like luar biasa or meankjubkan in Indonesia there Syahrini used the imitation expression in expressing something.Next, Syahrini also used the expression Bulu Mata Anti Badai instead of saying bulu mata lentik. She prefers to say bulu mata badai perhaps it caused many disasters happened in Indonesia lately, so that she exaggerate her utterance using one of the name of those disaster. Actually there is nit the regular expression between bulu mata and anti badai, but she just combining the utterances with other utterances so it will create new strange language, or perhaps it can call leaning language.Discourse place Those utterance used by Syahrini above clearly in order to pass her popularity as one of Indonesian singer. She seems has plan to use those utterances rather than the other utterances proved above in order to be extraordinary in expression something. By those utterances above, she wants to get more attention by her fans, or moreover the Indonesian people. The utterances like sesuatu, cetar membahana, and badai expressed something exaggerated. Here, Syahrini plans to use them regularly in many times. It seems likeshe always update her new expression again and again when she wasinterviewed by the infotainment journal. Nowadays, who doesnt know Syahrini? Almost all Indonesian people know her, with her controversy utterances also.Sociocultural practice Syahrini as one of the popular artist in Indonesia needs to attract her popularity. Thats why she does it by using the controversy utterances or language in expressing something . Before, it had been existed the utterances sesuatu, cetar membahana, and sesuatu in Indonesian. Today, the changes of language formation can be created freely in order to get some intentions. The change in discourse practiced by Syahrini influence the sociocultural of Indonesia and Indonesian people. By the utterances used by Syahrini that have been illustrated above, the people imitate that expression from children until adult use that utterances.CONCLUSION From those explanations above, it should be underlined that her utterances above imply the deep meaning beside it. One of the reasons is that she say the exaggeration expression in order to get more intentions from her fans. Moreover, she also wants to get extra intention from Indonesian people.NO 1 2 3 4Utterances Sesuatu Cetar Membahana Bulu mata anti badai Jambul Khatulistiwa convey Luar biasa More than sesuatu Bulu mata lentik Jambul KerenREFERENCES Choyimah, Nurul. 2013. CDA handout. Unpublished Paul Gee, James. 2011. An establishment to discourse analysis theory and method. overbold York RoutledgeFairclough N., 1992. Discourse and Social Change. Polity consider Cambridge. Fairclough N., 2000. Discourse, social theoryand social research the discourse of welfare reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics4, pp. 163-195 Kata Syahrini. Online. Available http//www.dusunblog.com/2012/11/kata-syahrini-cucok-mokorocodot.htmlAccessed from the Internet on May 22, 2012 Syahrini Manfaatkan buzzword Unuk Popularitas. Online. Available http//www.cumicumi.com/posts/2011/09/24/23004/26/syahrini-manfaatkanjargon-untuk-popularitas.html